Reconstruction:ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය/kʷer-

මෙම ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය ප්‍රවේශය තුළ ප්‍රතිනිර්මිත යෙදුම් සහ මූල අඩංගු වෙයි. ඒවා ඍජු ලෙසම ඔප්පු කොට නොමැත, නමුත් සංසන්දනාත්මක සාක්ෂි වලට අනුව පැවති බවට උපකල්පනය කොට ඇත.

ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය

Lua දෝෂය in Module:links at line 414: The specified language ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය is unattested, while the term 'Reconstruction:ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය/kʷer-' does not begin with '*' to indicate that it is reconstructed..

නිරුක්තිය

The original meaning is often reconstructed as "to carve, to shape by cutting", based on the Anatolian forms.^[1]^[2]

Root

*Reconstruction:ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය/kʷer-^[2]^[3]

to do
to make
to build
bowl, vessel

සමාන පද

සැකිල්ල:? *yeh₁- (“to do, make; act vigorously”)^[4]
*h₂er- (“to prepare, make ready”)

ව්‍යුත්පන්න යෙදුම්

Terms derived from the ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය root *Reconstruction:ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය/kʷer- ප්‍රවර්ගය සොයාගත නොහැකි විය

*kʷér-t ~ *kʷr-ént (root aorist)^[2]^[1]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: 𒆪𒅕𒈪 (ku-er-mi, 1sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒍣 (ku-e-er-zi, “to cut, to cut up, to cut off”, 3sg.pres.act.), 𒆪𒂊𒅕𒋫 (ku-e-er-ta, 3sg.pret.act.)
  - Luwian: [script needed] (kuwarti)
- Proto-Balto-Slavic:
  - Old Prussian: kūra (“he built”)
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷareti (“make, cause”)
  - Middle Breton: paras (3sg.pret.)
  - වේල්ස: peri; paraf (1sg.pres.)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *Hákart (see there for further descendants)
*kʷr̥-néw-ti ~ *kʷr̥-nw-énti (néw-present)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥náwti (see there for further descendants)
*kʷr̥-sḱ-éti ~ *kʷr̥-sḱ-ónti (sḱe-present)^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (kuraski[zzi], 3sg.), [script needed] (kureskanzi, 3pl.)
*kʷér-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷér-(h₁)s-onti ((h₁)se-desiderative)^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (ku-e-er-šu-un, 1sg.pret.act.), [script needed] (kur-ša-a-i, “to cut off”, 2sg.imp.act.)
*kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-eti ~ *kʷí-kʷr̥-(h₁)s-onti (reduplicated (h₁)se-desiderative)^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (ku-kur-ša-an-t-), Hittite: [script needed] (ku-gur-ša-an-t-, “to cut up, to mutilate”, part.)^[5]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *číkr̥Hšati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćíkr̥Hṣati
    - සංස්කෘත: चिकीर्षति (cíkīrṣati)
*kʷér-kʷor- ~ *kʷér-kʷr̥- (intensive)^[2]
- Proto-Anatolian:
  - Hittite: [script needed] (kurkuriyat)
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kárkr̥- (as if from *kʷor-kʷr̥-; expected **čárkr̥-)
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kárkr̥-
    - සංස්කෘත: करिकृत् (kárikrat, act. participle)^{[note 1]}
*kʷor-éye-ti ~ *kʷor-éy-onti (éye-causative)^[2]
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kāráyati
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kāráyati
    - සංස්කෘත: कारयति (kāráyati), कारयते (kāráyate)
*kʷe-kʷór-e (perfect) (or only formed in Proto-Indo-Iranian^[6])
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čakā́ra
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćakā́ra
    - සංස්කෘත: चकार (cakā́ra, “has made”)
  - Proto-Iranian:
    - Avestan: 𐬗𐬁𐬑𐬭𐬀𐬭𐬆 (cāxrar^ə, 3pl.perf.)
    - Old Persian: 𐎨𐎧𐎼𐎡𐎹𐎠 (c-x-r-i-y-a /⁠caxriyā⁠/, 3sg.perf.opt.)
*kʷér-mn̥ ~ *kʷr̥-méns
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *čárma ~ *kr̥máns
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *ćárma ~ *kármanas
    - >? සංස්කෘත: कर्मन् (kárman, “act, action”)^{[note 2]} (see there for further descendants)
*kʷér-os
- ප්‍රොටෝ-ජර්මානු: *hweraz (“cauldron”) (see there for further descendants)
*kʷér-ōr
- පුරාතන ග්‍රීක: πέλωρ (pélōr, “supernatural monster”)
  - ⇒ පුරාතන ග්‍රීක: πελώριος (pelṓrios)
    - ග්‍රීක: πελώριος (pelórios, “gigantic, enormous”)
*kʷór-o-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ras
  - Proto-Iranian: *kā́rah
    - මධ්‍යකාලීන පර්සියානු: [script needed] (kʾl /⁠kār⁠/, “work, deed, affair”)
      - පර්සියානු: کار (kâr, “work”)
*kʷér-tis ~ *kʷr̥-téy-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kŕ̥tiš
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kŕ̥tiṣ
    - සංස්කෘත: कृति (kṛ́ti, “the act of doing”)
*kʷér-tu-s ~ *kʷr̥-téw-s
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷritus
  - Old Irish: cruth (“form”)
  - වේල්ස: pryd (“form, time”), prydaf (“compose poetry, versify”)
*kʷr̥-tó-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kr̥tás (see there for further descendants)
*kʷr̥-yos
- Proto-Celtic: *kʷaryos (“cauldron”) (see there for further descendants)
*kʷór-yo-s
- Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kā́ryas
  - Proto-Indo-Aryan: *kā́ryas
    - සංස්කෘත: कार्य (kārya) (see there for further descendants)
  - Proto-Iranian: *karyah
    - Avestan: 𐬐𐬀𐬌𐬭𐬌𐬌𐬀 (kaⁱriia)
*kʷēr-eh₂
- Proto-Slavic: *čara (“bowl, mug”) (see there for further descendants)

Unsorted formations

Proto-Albanian: *tšerkā
- Albanian: sarkë (“build, frame”)
Proto-Balto-Slavic: *kēr-, *ker-^[7]
- Lithuanian: kẽras (“charm, magic”), kerė́ti (“to enchant, charm, bewitch”), kùrti (“to do, make, build”)
- Proto-Slavic: *čarъ (“magic, sorcery”), *čara (“magic, sorcery”)^[7] (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Celtic: *kʷritanī, *kʷritenī
- Proto-Brythonic: *Pritanī, *Pritenī, ?*Brɨθon
  - Middle Welsh: Prydein
    - වේල්ස: Prydain, ?Brython
  - → පුරාතන ග්‍රීක: Πρεττανία (Prettanía), Βρεττανία (Brettanía)
    - → ලතින්: Brittānia
Proto-Hellenic:
- පුරාතන ග්‍රීක: τέρας (téras) (with -ας (-as) added within Greek^[8]) (see there for further descendants)
Proto-Indo-Iranian: *kar-
- Proto-Iranian: *kar-
  - මධ්‍යකාලීන පර්සියානු: 𐭪𐭫𐭩 (-kly /⁠-gar⁠/)
    - පර්සියානු: ـگر (-gar)
Proto-Tocharian:^[9]
- Tocharian A: karel
- Tocharian B: kerū

Notes

↑ With restoration of the initial /k/ and irregular addition of -i- as if from a root *kʷerH-.
↑ Expected *चर्मन् (*cárman), so probably either leveled from the weak stem or simply an inner-Sanskrit formation.

මූලාශ්‍ර

1 2 සැකිල්ල:R:ine:Kloekhorst2008
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k^u̯er- '(ab)schneiden, schnitzen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in ජර්මානු), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 391
↑ සැකිල්ල:R:ine:EIEC
↑ සැකිල්ල:R:TOitPIEatPIEw
↑ සැකිල්ල:R:ine:Kloekhorst2008
↑ සැකිල්ල:R:iir:Kummel:2000
1 2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “kėrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 238
↑ Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τέρας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1468
↑ Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kerū”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 209

[6] With restoration of the initial /k/ and irregular addition of -i- as if from a root *kʷerH-.

[8] Expected *चर्मन् (*cárman), so probably either leveled from the weak stem or simply an inner-Sanskrit formation.

[Kloekhorst-1] 1 2 සැකිල්ල:R:ine:Kloekhorst2008

[LIV-2] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Rix, Helmut, editor (2001), “*k^u̯er- '(ab)schneiden, schnitzen'”, in Lexikon der indogermanischen Verben [Lexicon of Indo-European Verbs] (in ජර්මානු), 2nd edition, Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, →ISBN, page 391

[3] සැකිල්ල:R:ine:EIEC

[4] සැකිල්ල:R:TOitPIEatPIEw

[5] සැකිල්ල:R:ine:Kloekhorst2008

[7] සැකිල්ල:R:iir:Kummel:2000

[Derksen-9] 1 2 Derksen, Rick (2015) “kėrai”, in Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 13), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 238

[10] Beekes, Robert S. P. (2010) “τέρας”, in Etymological Dictionary of Greek (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 10), volume II, with the assistance of Lucien van Beek, Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 1468

[11] Adams, Douglas Q. (2013) “kerū”, in A Dictionary of Tocharian B: Revised and Greatly Enlarged (Leiden Studies in Indo-European; 10), Amsterdam, New York: Rodopi, →ISBN, page 209

[1]

[2]

[3]

[4]

[5]

[note 1]

[6]

[note 2]

[7]

[8]

[9]