Module:la-pronunc
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This module is not to be directly used. It is used by {{la-IPA}}, see there for usage.
local export = {}
local m_a = require("Module:accent qualifier")
local m_IPA = require("Module:IPA")
local m_str_utils = require("Module:string utilities")
local lang = require("Module:languages").getByCode("la")
local u = m_str_utils.char
local rfind = m_str_utils.find
local rsubn = m_str_utils.gsub
local rmatch = m_str_utils.match
local rsplit = m_str_utils.split
local ulower = m_str_utils.lower
local usub = m_str_utils.sub
local ulen = m_str_utils.len
local BREVE = u(0x0306) -- breve = ̆
local TILDE = u(0x0303) -- ̃
local HALF_LONG = "ˑ"
local LONG = "ː"
local letters_ipa = {
["a"] = "a",["e"] = "e",["i"] = "i",["o"] = "o",["u"] = "u",["y"] = "y",
["ā"] = "aː",["ē"] = "eː",["ī"] = "iː",["ō"] = "oː",["ū"] = "uː",["ȳ"] = "yː",
["ae"] = "ae̯",["oe"] = "oe̯",["ei"] = "ei̯",["au"] = "au̯",["eu"] = "eu̯",
["b"] = "b",["d"] = "d",["f"] = "f",
["c"] = "k",["g"] = "ɡ",["v"] = "w",["x"] = "ks",
["ph"] = "pʰ",["th"] = "tʰ",["ch"] = "kʰ",["rh"] = "r",["qv"] = "kʷ",["gv"] = "ɡʷ",
["'"] = "ˈ",["ˈ"] = "ˈ",
}
local letters_ipa_eccl = {
["a"] = "a",["e"] = "e",["i"] = "i",["o"] = "o",["u"] = "u",["y"] = "i",
["ā"] = "aː",["ē"] = "eː",["ī"] = "iː",["ō"] = "oː",["ū"] = "uː",["ȳ"] = "iː",
["ae"] = "eː",["oe"] = "eː",["ei"] = "ei̯",["au"] = "au̯",["eu"] = "eu̯",
["b"] = "b",["d"] = "d",["f"] = "f",
["k"] = "q", -- dirty hack to make sure k isn't palatalized
["c"] = "k", ["g"] = "ɡ",["v"] = "v",["x"] = "ks",
["ph"] = "f",["th"] = "tʰ",["ch"] = "kʰ",["rh"] = "r",["qv"] = "kw",["gv"] = "ɡw", ["sv"] = "sw", --"sw" is needed to avoid [zv] in words like suavium
["h"] = "",
["'"] = "ˈ",["ˈ"] = "ˈ",
}
local lax_vowel = {
["e"] = "ɛ",
["i"] = "ɪ",
["o"] = "ɔ",
["u"] = "ʊ",
["y"] = "ʏ",
}
local tense_vowel = {
["ɛ"] = "e",
["ɪ"] = "i",
["ɔ"] = "o",
["ʊ"] = "u",
["ʏ"] = "y",
}
local voicing = {
["p"] = "b",
["t"] = "d",
["k"] = "ɡ",
}
local devoicing = {
["b"] = "p",
["d"] = "t",
["ɡ"] = "k",
}
local classical_vowel_letters = "aeɛiɪoɔuʊyʏ"
local classical_vowel = "[" .. classical_vowel_letters .. "]"
local phonetic_rules = {
-- Bibliography included at the end
-- Assimilation of [g] to [ŋ] before a following /n/.
{"ɡ([.ˈ]?)n", "ŋ%1n"},
-- Per Allen (1978: 23), although note the reservations expressed on the next page.
-- Assimilation of word-internal /n/ and /m/ to following consonants. Exception: /m/ does not assimilate to a following /n/.
{"n([.ˈ]?)([mpb])", "m%1%2"},
{"n([.ˈ]?)([kɡ])", "ŋ%1%2"},
{"m([.ˈ]?)([td])", "n%1%2"},
{"m([.ˈ]?)([kɡ])", "ŋ%1%2"},
-- Per George M. Lane: “Nasals changed their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Thus, dental n before the labials p and b became the labial m... labial m before the gutturals c and g became guttural n...labial m before the dentals t, d, s became dental n…” (§164.3); “One nasal, n, is assimilated to another, m...but an m before n is never assimilated..." (§166.5). -- Per Lloyd (1987: 84): “The opposition between nasals was neutralized in syllable-final position, with the realization of the nasality being assimilated to the point of articulation of the following consonant, e.g., [m] is found only before labials, [n] only before dentals or alveolars, and [ŋ] only before velars and /n/."
-- Potential addition: assimilation of final /m/ and /n/ across word boundaries, per e.g. Allen (1987: 28, 31).
-- No additional labialization before high back vowels
{"ʷ%f[uʊ]", ""},
-- Tensing of short vowels before another vowel
{
"([ɛɪʏɔʊ])([.ˈ][h]?)%f[aeɛiɪoɔuʊyʏ]",
function (vowel, following)
return (tense_vowel[vowel] or vowel) .. following
end,
},
-- But not before consonantal glides
{"ei̯", "ɛi̯"},
{"eu̯", "ɛu̯"},
-- Nasal vowels
{
"(" .. classical_vowel .. ")m$",
function (vowel)
return (lax_vowel[vowel] or vowel) .. TILDE .. HALF_LONG
end,
},
{
"(" .. classical_vowel .. ")[nm]([.ˈ]?[sf])",
function (vowel, following)
return (tense_vowel[vowel] or vowel) .. TILDE .. LONG .. following
end,
},
-- Dissimilation after homorganic glides (the tuom volgus-type)
--{"([wu])([.ˈ]?)([h]?)ʊ", "%1%2%3o"},
--{"([ji])([.ˈ]?)([h]?)ɪ", "%1%2%3e"},
---Disabled per 19 September 2021 discussion at Template_talk:la-IPA#Transcription_of_syllable-initial_semivowels
-- Realization of /r/ as a tap
-- Pultrová (2013) argues for Latin /r/ being an alveolar tap.
-- Lloyd (1987: 81) agrees: “The /r/ was doubtlessly an alveolar flap."
-- Allen (1978: 33) expresses doubt: “By the classical period there is no reason to think that the sound had not strengthened to the trill described by later writers.”
-- Unconditional [r] transcription is preferable to unconditional [ɾ] per 18 September 2021 discussion at Module_talk:la-pronunc#Transcription_of_Latin's_rhotic_consonant
-- No consensus yet on how to implement conditional allophony of [r] vs. [ɾ]
-- Voicing and loss of intervocalic /h/.
{"([^ˈ].)h", "%1(ɦ)"},
-- Per Allen (1978: 43–45).
-- Phonetic (as opposed to lexical/phonemic) assimilations
-- Place
-- First because this accounts for 'atque' seemingly escaping total assimilation (and 'adque' presumably not)
{"[d]([.ˈ]?)s", "s%1s"}, -- leave [t] out since etsi has [ts], not [sː]
{"s[^ː]([.ˈ]?)s%f[ptk]", "s(ː)%1"},
{"st([.ˈ])([^aeɛiɪoɔuʊyʏe̯u̯])", "s(t)%1%2"},
{"d([.ˈ])([pkɡln])", "%2%1%2"}, --leave [r] out since dr does not assimilate, even when heterosyllabic (e.g. quadrans), except in prefixed words
{"b([.ˈ])([mf])", "%2%1%2"},
{"s([.ˈ])f", "f%1f"},
-- Regressive voicing assimilation in consonant clusters
{
"([bdɡ])([.ˈ]?)%f[ptksf]",
function (consonant, following)
return (devoicing[consonant] or consonant) .. following
end,
},
{
"([ptk])([.ˈ]?)%f[bdɡ]",
function (consonant, following)
return (voicing[consonant] or consonant) .. following
end,
},
-- Allophones of /l/
{"l", "ɫ̪"},
-- “Pinguis”. Dark/velarized.
-- Per Weiss (2009: 117): “…pinguis (velar). l is exīlis before i and when geminate, otherwise l is pinguis.”
-- Page 82: “…l is pinguis even before e, e.g. Herculēs < Hercolēs … < Hercelēs …”
-- Per Sihler (1995: 174): “l exilis was found before the vowels -i- and -ī-, and before another -l-; l pinguis occurred before any other vowel; before any consonant except l; and in word-final position […] l pinguis actually had two degrees of avoirdupois, being fatter before a consonant than before a vowel…”
-- Page 41: “…velarized l (that is, ‘l pinguis’)…”
-- Sen (2015: §2) states that /l/ was velarized in word-final position or before consonants–other than another /l/–and that it had varying degrees of “dark resonance (velarization in articulatory terms)” (p. 23) before e, a, o, and u (p. 33).
-- Both Sen and Sihler indicate different degrees of velarization, depending on the environment. IPA lacks a way to represent these gradations, unfortunately.
{"ɫ̪([.ˈ]?)ɫ̪", "l%1lʲ"},
{"ɫ̪([.ˈ]?[iɪyʏ])", "lʲ%1"},
-- “Exīlis”. Not dark/velarized. Possibly palatalized.
-- Per Sen (2015: 29): It is plausible […] that simple onset /l/ was palatalized before /i/, thus [lʲ] […] it seems likely that geminate /ll/ was also palatalized, given the similar behaviour of the two…”
-- Per Weiss (2009: 82): “In Latin, l developed…a non-velar (possibly palatal) allophone called exīlis before i and when geminate…”
-- Per Sihler (1995: 174): “l exilis was found before the vowels -i- and -ī-, and before another -l-.”
-- Per Sihler (2000: §133.1): "It is less clear whether the 'thin' lateral [i.e. L exilis] was specifically palatal, or palatalized, or only neutral."
-- Giannini and Marotta apparently argue that it was not palatalized (https://i.imgur.com/ytM1QDn.png). I do not have access to the book in question.
-- Retracted /s/
{"s", "s̠"},
-- Lloyd (1987: 80–81) expresses some uncertainty about this, but appears to overall be in favour of it: “…the evidence that the apico-alveolar pronunciation was ancient in Latin and inherited from Indo-European is quite strong.”
-- Per Zampaulo (2019: 93), “…in many instances, Latin s was likely pronounced as an apical segment [s̺] (rather than laminal [s])."
-- Per Widdison (1987: 64), "In all, it would be fair to state that the apico-alveolar [ś] articulation represented the main allophonic variant of Latin and possibly IE /s/..."
-- dental Z
{"z([aeɛiɪoɔuʊyʏ])", "d͡z%1"}, --See discussion
{"z([.ˈ])z", "z%1(d͡)z"},
{"z", "z̪"},
-- Dental articulations
{"t", "t̪"},
{"d", "d̪"},
{"n([.ˈ]?)([td])", "n̪%1%2"}, --it's not as clear as for the stops
--Allophones of A
{"a", "ä"},
-- Works cited
-- Allen, William Sidney. 1978. Vox Latina: A Guide to the pronunciation of Classical Latin.
-- Lane, George M. A Latin grammar for schools and colleges.
-- Lloyd, Paul M. 1987. From Latin to Spanish.
-- Pultrová, Lucie. 2013. On the phonetic nature of the Latin R.
-- Sen, Ranjan. 2015. Syllable and segment in Latin.
-- Sihler, Andrew L. 1995. New comparative grammar of Greek and Latin.
-- Sihler, Andrew L. 2000. Language history: An introduction.
-- Weiss, Michael. 2009. Outline of the historical and comparative grammar of Latin.
-- Widdison, Kirk A. 16th century Spanish sibilant reordering: Reasons for divergence.
-- Zampaulo, André. 2019. Palatal Sound Change in the Romance languages: Diachronic and Synchronic Perspectives.
}
local phonetic_rules_eccl = {
-- Specifically the Roman Ecclesiastical for singing from the Liber Usualis
{"([aɛeiɔou][ː.ˈ]*)s([.ˈ]*)%f[aɛeiɔou]", "%1s̬%2"}, --partial voicing of s between vowels
{"s([.ˈ]*)%f[bdgmnlv]", "z%1"}, --full voicing of s before voiced consonants
{"ek([.ˈ]*)s([aɛeiɔoubdgmnlv])", "eɡ%1z%2"}, --voicing of the prefix ex-
{"kz", "ɡz"}, --i give up, without this /ksˈl/ gives [kzˈl]
-- Tapped R intervocalically and in complex onset
-- ^ Citation needed for this being the case in Ecclesiastical pronunciation
-- {"([aɛeiɔou]ː?[.ˈ])r([aɛeiɔou]?)", "%1ɾ%2"},
-- {"([fbdgptk])r", "%1ɾ"},
{"a", "ä"}, --a is open and central per 17 September 2021 discussion at Template_talk:la-IPA#Ecclesiastical_a
-- /e/ and /o/ realization is phonetic but handled in convert_word below as it is sensitive to stress
-- Dental articulations
{"n([.ˈ]?)([td])([^͡])", "n̪%1%2%3"}, --assimilation of n to dentality.
{"l([.ˈ]?)([td])([^͡])", "l̪%1%2%3"},
--Note that the quality of n might not be dental otherwise--it may be alveolar in most contexts in Italian, according to Wikipedia.
{"t([^͡])", "t̪%1"}, --t is dental, except as the first element of a palatal affricate
{"d([^͡])", "d̪%1"}, --d is dental, except as the first element of a palatal affricate
{"t͡s", "t̪͡s̪"}, -- dental affricates
{"d͡z", "d̪͡z̪"}, --dental affricates
{"t̪([.ˈ]?)t͡ʃ", "t%1t͡ʃ"},
{"d̪([.ˈ]?)d͡ʒ", "d%1d͡ʒ"},
--end of words
{"lt$", "l̪t̪"},
{"nt$", "n̪t̪"},
{"t$", "t̪"},
{"d$", "d̪"},
--Partial assimilation of l and n before palatal affricates, as in Italian
{"l([.ˈ]?)t͡ʃ", "l̠ʲ%1t͡ʃ"},
{"l([.ˈ]?)d͡ʒ", "l̠ʲ%1d͡ʒ"},
{"l([.ˈ]?)ʃ", "l̠ʲ%1ʃ"},
{"n([.ˈ]?)t͡ʃ", "n̠ʲ%1t͡ʃ"},
{"n([.ˈ]?)d͡ʒ", "n̠ʲ%1d͡ʒ"},
{"n([.ˈ]?)ʃ", "n̠ʲ%1ʃ"},
-- other coda nasal assimilation, full and partial. Per Canepari, only applies to /n/ and not to /m/
{"n([.ˈ]?)([kɡ])", "ŋ%1%2"},
{"n([.ˈ]?)([fv])", "ɱ%1%2"},
}
local lenition = {
["ɡ"] = "ɣ", ["d"] = "ð",
}
local lengthen_vowel = {
["a"] = "aː", ["aː"] = "aː",
["ɛ"] = "ɛː", ["ɛː"] = "ɛː",
["e"] = "eː", ["eː"] = "eː",
["i"] = "iː", ["iː"] = "iː",
["ɔ"] = "ɔː", ["ɔː"] = "ɔː",
["o"] = "oː", ["oː"] = "oː",
["u"] = "uː", ["uː"] = "uː",
["au̯"] = "aːu̯",
["ɛu̯"] = "ɛːu̯",
["eu̯"] = "eːu̯",
}
local vowels = {
"a", "ɛ", "e", "ɪ", "i", "ɔ", "o", "ʊ", "u", "y",
"aː", "ɛː", "eː", "iː", "ɔː", "oː", "uː", "yː",
"ae̯", "oe̯", "ei̯", "au̯", "eu̯",
}
local onsets = {
"b", "p", "pʰ", "d", "t", "tʰ", "β",
"ɡ", "k", "kʰ", "kʷ", "ɡʷ", "kw", "ɡw", "t͡s", "t͡ʃ", "d͡ʒ", "ʃ",
"f", "s", "z", "d͡z", "h",
"l", "m", "n", "ɲ", "r", "j", "v", "w",
"bl", "pl", "pʰl", "br", "pr", "pʰr",
"dr", "tr", "tʰr",
"ɡl", "kl", "kʰl", "ɡr", "kr", "kʰr",
"fl", "fr",
"sp", "st", "sk", "skʷ", "sw",
"spr", "str", "skr",
"spl", "skl",
}
local codas = {
"b", "p", "pʰ", "d", "t", "tʰ", "ɡ", "k", "kʰ", "β",
"f", "s", "z",
"l", "m", "n", "ɲ", "r", "j", "ʃ",
"sp", "st", "sk",
"spʰ", "stʰ", "skʰ",
"lp", "lt", "lk",
"lb", "ld", "lɡ",
"lpʰ", "ltʰ", "lkʰ",
"lf",
"rp", "rt", "rk",
"rb", "rd", "rɡ",
"rpʰ", "rtʰ", "rkʰ",
"rf",
"mp", "nt", "nk",
"mb", "nd", "nɡ",
"mpʰ", "ntʰ", "nkʰ",
"lm", "rl", "rm", "rn",
"ps", "ts", "ks", "ls", "ns", "rs",
"lks", "nks", "rks",
"rps", "mps",
"lms", "rls", "rms", "rns",
}
-- Prefixes that end in a consonant; can be patterns. Occurrences of such
-- prefixes + i + vowel cause the i to convert to j (to suppress this, add a
-- dot, i.e. syllable boundary, after the i).
local cons_ending_prefixes = {
"a[bd]", "circum", "con", "dis", "ex", "in", "inter", "ob", "per",
"sub", "subter", "super", "tr[aā]ns"
}
local remove_macrons = {
["ā"] = "a",
["ē"] = "e",
["ī"] = "i",
["ō"] = "o",
["ū"] = "u",
["ȳ"] = "y",
}
local macrons_to_breves = {
["ā"] = "ă",
["ē"] = "ĕ",
["ī"] = "ĭ",
["ō"] = "ŏ",
["ū"] = "ŭ",
-- Unicode doesn't have breve-y
["ȳ"] = "y" .. BREVE,
}
local remove_breves = {
["ă"] = "a",
["ĕ"] = "e",
["ĭ"] = "i",
["ŏ"] = "o",
["ŭ"] = "u",
-- Unicode doesn't have breve-y
}
local remove_ligatures = {
["æ"] = "ae",
["œ"] = "oe",
}
for i, val in ipairs(vowels) do
vowels[val] = true
end
for i, val in ipairs(onsets) do
onsets[val] = true
end
for i, val in ipairs(codas) do
codas[val] = true
end
-- NOTE: Everything is lowercased very early on, so we don't have to worry
-- about capitalized letters.
local short_vowels_string = "aeiouyăĕĭŏŭäëïöüÿ" -- no breve-y in Unicode
local long_vowels_string = "āēīōūȳ"
local vowels_string = short_vowels_string .. long_vowels_string
local vowels_c = "[" .. vowels_string .. "]"
local non_vowels_c = "[^" .. vowels_string .. "]"
local function track(page)
require("Module:debug/track")("la-pronunc/" .. page)
return true
end
-- version of rsubn() that discards all but the first return value
local function rsub(term, foo, bar)
local retval = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
return retval
end
-- version of rsubn() that returns a 2nd argument boolean indicating whether
-- a substitution was made.
local function rsubb(term, foo, bar)
local retval, nsubs = rsubn(term, foo, bar)
return retval, nsubs > 0
end
local function letters_to_ipa(word,phonetic,eccl,vul)
local phonemes = {}
local dictionary = eccl and letters_ipa_eccl or (vul and letters_ipa_vul or letters_ipa)
while ulen(word) > 0 do
local longestmatch = ""
for letter, ipa in pairs(dictionary) do
if ulen(letter) > ulen(longestmatch) and usub(word, 1, ulen(letter)) == letter then
longestmatch = letter
end
end
if ulen(longestmatch) > 0 then
if dictionary[longestmatch] == "ks" then
table.insert(phonemes, "k")
table.insert(phonemes, "s")
else
table.insert(phonemes, dictionary[longestmatch])
end
word = usub(word, ulen(longestmatch) + 1)
else
table.insert(phonemes, usub(word, 1, 1))
word = usub(word, 2)
end
end
if eccl then for i=1,#phonemes do
local prev, cur, next = phonemes[i-1], phonemes[i], phonemes[i+1]
if next and (cur == "k" or cur == "ɡ") and rfind(next, "^[eɛi]ː?$") then
if cur == "k" then
if prev == "s" then --and ((not phonemes[i-2]) or phonemes[i-2] ~= "k")
prev = "ʃ"
cur = "ʃ"
else
cur = "t͡ʃ"
if prev == "k" then prev = "t" end
end
else
cur = "d͡ʒ"
if prev == "ɡ" then prev = "d" end
end
end
-- dirty hack to make sure k isn't palatalized
if cur == "q" then
cur = "k"
end
if cur == "t" and next == "i" and not (prev == "s" or prev == "t")
and vowels[phonemes[i+2]] then
cur = "t͡s"
end
if cur == "z" then
if next == "z" then
cur = "d"
next = "d͡z"
else
cur = "d͡z"
end
end
if cur == "kʰ" then cur = "k" end
if cur == "tʰ" then cur = "t" end
if cur == "ɡ" and next == "n" then
cur = "ɲ"
next = "ɲ"
end
phonemes[i-1], phonemes[i], phonemes[i+1] = prev, cur, next
end end
return phonemes
end
local function get_onset(syll)
local consonants = {}
for i = 1, #syll do
if vowels[syll[i]] then
break
end
if syll[i] ~= "ˈ" then
table.insert(consonants, syll[i])
end
end
return table.concat(consonants)
end
local function get_coda(syll)
local consonants = {}
for i = #syll, 1, -1 do
if vowels[syll[i]] then
break
end
table.insert(consonants, 1, syll[i])
end
return table.concat(consonants)
end
local function get_vowel(syll)
for i = 1,#syll do
if vowels[syll[i]] then return syll[i] end
end
end
-- Split the word into syllables of CV shape
local function split_syllables(remainder)
local syllables = {}
local syll = {}
for _, phoneme in ipairs(remainder) do
if phoneme == "." then
if #syll > 0 then
table.insert(syllables, syll)
syll = {}
end
-- Insert a special syllable consisting only of a period.
-- We remove it later but it forces no movement of consonants across
-- the period.
table.insert(syllables, {"."})
elseif phoneme == "ˈ" then
if #syll > 0 then
table.insert(syllables,syll)
end
syll = {"ˈ"}
elseif vowels[phoneme] then
table.insert(syll, phoneme)
table.insert(syllables, syll)
syll = {}
else
table.insert(syll, phoneme)
end
end
-- If there are phonemes left, then the word ends in a consonant.
-- Add another syllable for them, which will get joined the preceding
-- syllable down below.
if #syll > 0 then
table.insert(syllables, syll)
end
-- Split consonant clusters between syllables
for i, current in ipairs(syllables) do
if #current == 1 and current[1] == "." then
-- If the current syllable is just a period (explicit syllable
-- break), remove it. The loop will then skip the next syllable,
-- which will prevent movement of consonants across the syllable
-- break (since movement of consonants happens from the current
-- syllable to the previous one).
table.remove(syllables, i)
elseif i > 1 then
local previous = syllables[i-1]
local onset = get_onset(current)
-- Shift over consonants until the syllable onset is valid
while not (onset == "" or onsets[onset]) do
table.insert(previous, table.remove(current, 1))
onset = get_onset(current)
end
-- If the preceding syllable still ends with a vowel,
-- and the current one begins with s + another consonant, then shift it over.
if get_coda(previous) == "" and (current[1] == "s" and not vowels[current[2]]) then
table.insert(previous, table.remove(current, 1))
end
-- Check if there is no vowel at all in this syllable. That
-- generally happens either (1) with an explicit syllable division
-- specified, like 'cap.ra', which will get divided into the syllables
-- [ca], [p], [.], [ra]; or (2) at the end of a word that ends with
-- one or more consonants. We move the consonants onto the preceding
-- syllable, then remove the resulting empty syllable. If the
-- new current syllable is [.], remove it, too. The loop will then
-- skip the next syllable, which will prevent movement of consonants
-- across the syllable break (since movement of consonants happens
-- from the current syllable to the previous one).
if not get_vowel(current) then
for j=1,#current do
table.insert(previous, table.remove(current, 1))
end
table.remove(syllables, i)
if syllables[i] and #syllables[i] == 1 and syllables[i][1] == "." then
table.remove(syllables, i)
end
end
end
end
for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do
local onset = get_onset(syll)
local coda = get_coda(syll)
if not (onset == "" or onsets[onset]) then
track("bad onset")
--error("onset error:[" .. onset .. "]")
end
if not (coda == "" or codas[coda]) then
track("bad coda")
--error("coda error:[" .. coda .. "]")
end
end
return syllables
end
local function phoneme_is_short_vowel(phoneme)
return rfind(phoneme, "^[aɛeiɔouy]$")
end
local function detect_accent(syllables, is_prefix, is_suffix)
-- Manual override
for i=1,#syllables do
for j=1,#syllables[i] do
if syllables[i][j] == "ˈ" then
table.remove(syllables[i],j)
return i
end
end
end
-- Prefixes have no accent.
if is_prefix then
return -1
end
-- Suffixes have an accent only if the stress would be on the suffix when the
-- suffix is part of a word. Don't get tripped up by the first syllable being
-- nonsyllabic (e.g. in -rnus).
if is_suffix then
local syllables_with_vowel = #syllables - (get_vowel(syllables[1]) and 0 or 1)
if syllables_with_vowel < 2 then
return -1
end
if syllables_with_vowel == 2 then
local penult = syllables[#syllables - 1]
if phoneme_is_short_vowel(penult[#penult]) then
return -1
end
end
end
-- Detect accent placement
if #syllables > 2 then
-- Does the penultimate syllable end in a single vowel?
local penult = syllables[#syllables - 1]
if phoneme_is_short_vowel(penult[#penult]) then
return #syllables - 2
else
return #syllables - 1
end
elseif #syllables == 2 then
return #syllables - 1
elseif #syllables == 1 then
return #syllables --mark stress on monosyllables so that stress-conditioned sound rules work correctly. Then, delete it prior to display
end
end
local function convert_word(word, phonetic, eccl, vul)
-- Normalize i/j/u/v; do this before removing breves, so we keep the
-- ŭ in langŭī (perfect of languēscō) as a vowel.
word = rsub(word, "w", "v")
word = rsub(word, "(" .. vowels_c .. ")v(" .. non_vowels_c .. ")", "%1u%2")
word = rsub(word, "qu", "qv")
word = rsub(word, "ngu(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "ngv%1")
word = rsub(word, "^i(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "j%1")
word = rsub(word, "^u(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "v%1")
-- Per the August 31 2019 recommendation by [[User:Brutal Russian]] in
-- [[Module talk:la-pronunc]], we convert i/j between vowels to jj if the
-- preceding vowel is short but to single j if the preceding vowel is long.
word = rsub(
word,
"(" .. vowels_c .. ")([iju])()",
function (vowel, potential_consonant, pos)
if vowels_string:find(usub(word, pos, pos)) then
if potential_consonant == "u" then
return vowel .. "v"
else
if long_vowels_string:find(vowel) then
return vowel .. "j"
else
return vowel .. "jj"
end
end
end
end)
--Convert v to u syllable-finally
word = rsub(word, "v%.", "u.")
word = rsub(word, "v$", "u")
-- Convert i to j before vowel and after any prefix that ends in a consonant,
-- per the August 23 2019 discussion in [[Module talk:la-pronunc]].
for _, pref in ipairs(cons_ending_prefixes) do
word = rsub(word, "^(" .. pref .. ")i(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "%1j%2")
end
-- Ecclesiastical has neither geminate j.j, nor geminate w.w in Greek words
if eccl then
word = rsub(word, "(" .. vowels_c .. ")u([.ˈ]?)v(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "%1%2v%3")
word = rsub(word, "(" .. vowels_c .. ")j([.ˈ]?)j(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "%1%2j%3")
end
-- Convert z to zz between vowels so that the syllable weight and stress assignment will be correct.
word = rsub(word, "(" .. vowels_c .. ")z(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "%1zz%2")
if eccl then
word = rsub(word, "(" .. vowels_c .. ")ti(" .. vowels_c .. ")", "%1tt͡si%2")
end
-- Now remove breves.
word = rsub(word, "([ăĕĭŏŭ])", remove_breves)
-- BREVE sits uncombined in y+breve and vowel-macron + breve
word = rsub(word, BREVE, "")
-- Normalize aë, oë; do this after removing breves but before any
-- other normalizations involving e.
word = rsub(word, "([ao])ë", "%1.e")
-- Eu and ei diphthongs
word = rsub(word, "e(u[ms])$", "e.%1")
word = rsub(word, "ei", "e.i")
word = rsub(word, "_", "")
-- Vowel length before nasal + fricative is allophonic
word = rsub(word, "([āēīōūȳ])([mn][fs])",
function(vowel, nasalfric)
return remove_macrons[vowel] .. nasalfric
end
)
local vowel_before_yod = {
["a"] = "āj",
["e"] = "ēj",
["o"] = "ōj",
["u"] = "ūj",
["y"] = "ȳ",
}
if eccl then
word = rsub(word, "([aeiouy])([j])", vowel_before_yod)
end
-- Apply some basic phoneme-level assimilations for Ecclesiastical, which reads as written; in living varieties the assimilations were phonetic
-- Italian (and therefore, by implication, Ecclesiastical Latin) does not show assimilation in clusters like /bk/
-- Source: "How can Italian phonology lack voice assimilation?", by Bálint Huszthy (2019): https://www.academia.edu/39347303/How_can_Italian_phonology_lack_voice_assimilation
word = rsub(word, "xs", "x")
-- Per May 10 2019 discussion in [[Module talk:la-pronunc]], we syllabify
-- prefixes ab-, ad-, ob-, sub- separately from following l or r.
word = rsub(word, "^a([bd])([lr])", "a%1.%2")
word = rsub(word, "^ob([lr])", "ob.%1")
word = rsub(word, "^sub([lr])", "sub.%1")
-- Remove hyphens indicating prefixes or suffixes; do this after the above,
-- some of which are sensitive to beginning or end of word and shouldn't
-- apply to end of prefix or beginning of suffix.
local is_prefix, is_suffix
word, is_prefix = rsubb(word, "%-$", "")
word, is_suffix = rsubb(word, "^%-", "")
-- Convert word to IPA
local phonemes = letters_to_ipa(word,phonetic,eccl,vul)
-- Split into syllables
local syllables = split_syllables(phonemes)
-- Add accent
local accent = detect_accent(syllables, is_prefix, is_suffix)
-- poetic meter shows that a consonant before "h" was syllabified as an onset, not as a coda.
-- Based on outcome of talk page discussion, this will be indicated by the omission of /h/ [h] in this context.
word = rsub(word, "([^aeɛiɪoɔuʊyʏe̯u̯ptk])([.ˈ]?)h", "%1")
for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do
for j, phoneme in ipairs(syll) do
if eccl or vul then
syll[j] = rsub(syll[j], "ː", "")
elseif phonetic then
syll[j] = lax_vowel[syll[j]] or syll[j]
end
end
end
for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do
if (eccl or vul) and i == accent and phonetic and vowels[syll[#syll]] then
syll[#syll] = lengthen_vowel[syll[#syll]] or syll[#syll]
end
for j=1, #syll-1 do
if syll[j]==syll[j+1] then
syll[j+1] = ""
end
end
end
-- Atonic /ɔ/ and /ɛ/ merge with /o/ and /e/ respectively
for i, syll in ipairs(syllables) do
syll = table.concat(syll)
if vul and i ~= accent then
syll = rsub(syll, "ɔ", "o")
syll = rsub(syll, "ɛ", "e")
end
if eccl and phonetic and i == accent then
syll = rsub(syll, "o", "ɔ")
syll = rsub(syll, "e", "ɛ")
end
syllables[i] = (i == accent and "ˈ" or "") .. syll
end
word = (rsub(table.concat(syllables, "."), "%.ˈ", "ˈ"))
if #syllables == 1 then
word = rsub(word, "^ˈ", "") --remove word-initial accent marks in monosyllables
end
if eccl then
word = rsub(word, "([^aeɛioɔu])ʃ([.ˈ]?)ʃ", "%1%2ʃ") -- replace ʃ.ʃ or ʃˈʃ with .ʃ or ˈʃ after any consonant
end
if not eccl then
word = rsub(word, "j", "i̯") -- normalize glide spelling
word = rsub(word, "w", "u̯")
end
if phonetic then
local rules = eccl and phonetic_rules_eccl or (vul and phonetic_rules_vul or phonetic_rules)
for i, rule in ipairs(rules) do
word = rsub(word, rule[1], rule[2])
end
word = rsub(word, "[.]", "") --remove the dots! >_<
end
if not eccl then
word = rsub(word, "j", "i̯") -- normalize glide spelling
word = rsub(word, "w", "u̯")
end
if phonetic then
word = rsub(word, "(%a([̪̠̯]?))%1", "%1" .. LONG) --convert double consonants into long ones
word = rsub(word, "ːː", "ː")
end
return word
end
local function initial_canonicalize_text(text)
-- Call ulower() even though it's also called in phoneticize,
-- in case convert_words() is called externally.
text = ulower(text)
text = rsub(text, '[,?!:;()"]', '')
text = rsub(text, '[æœ]', remove_ligatures)
return text
end
function export.convert_words(text, phonetic, eccl, vul)
text = initial_canonicalize_text(text)
local disallowed = rsub(text, '[a-z%-āēīōūȳăĕĭŏŭë,.?!:;()\'"_ ' .. BREVE .. ']', '')
if ulen(disallowed) > 0 then
if ulen(disallowed) == 1 then
error('The character "' .. disallowed .. '" is not allowed.')
else
error('The characters "' .. disallowed .. '" are not allowed.')
end
end
local result = {}
for word in mw.text.gsplit(text, " ") do
table.insert(result, convert_word(word, phonetic, eccl, vul))
end
return table.concat(result, " ")
end
-- Phoneticize Latin TEXT. Return a list of one or more phoneticizations,
-- each of which is a two-element list {PHONEMIC, PHONETIC}. If ECCL, use
-- Ecclesiastical pronunciation. If VUL, use Vulgar Latin pronunciation.
-- Otherwise, use Classical pronunciation.
function export.phoneticize(text, eccl, vul)
local function do_phoneticize(text, eccl, vul)
return {
export.convert_words(text, false, eccl, vul),
export.convert_words(text, true, eccl, vul),
}
end
text = ulower(text)
-- If we have a macron-breve sequence, generate two pronunciations, one for
-- the long vowel and one for the short.
if rfind(text, "[āēīōūȳ]" .. BREVE) then
local longvar = rsub(text, "([āēīōūȳ])" .. BREVE, "%1")
local shortvar = rsub(text, "([āēīōūȳ])" .. BREVE, macrons_to_breves)
local longipa = do_phoneticize(longvar, eccl, vul)
local shortipa = do_phoneticize(shortvar, eccl, vul)
-- Make sure long and short variants are actually different (they won't
-- be in Ecclesiastical pronunciation).
if not require("Module:table").deepEquals(longipa, shortipa) then
return {longipa, shortipa}
else
return {longipa}
end
elseif rfind(text, ";") then
local tautosyllabicvar = rsub(text, ";", "")
local heterosyllabicvar = rsub(text, ";", ".")
local tautosyllabicipa = do_phoneticize(tautosyllabicvar, eccl, vul)
local heterosyllabicipa = do_phoneticize(heterosyllabicvar, eccl, vul)
if not require("Module:table").deepEquals(tautosyllabicipa, heterosyllabicipa) then
return {tautosyllabicipa, heterosyllabicipa}
else
return {tautosyllabicipa}
end
else
return {do_phoneticize(text, eccl, vul)}
end
end
local function make_row(phoneticizations, dials)
local full_pronuns = {}
for _, phoneticization in ipairs(phoneticizations) do
local phonemic = phoneticization[1]
local phonetic = phoneticization[2]
local IPA_args = {{pron = '/' .. phonemic .. '/'}}
table.insert(IPA_args, {pron = '[' .. phonetic .. ']'})
table.insert(full_pronuns, m_IPA.format_IPA_full { lang = lang, items = IPA_args })
end
return m_a.format_qualifiers(lang, dials) .. ' ' .. table.concat(full_pronuns, ' or ')
end
function export.show_full(frame)
local params = {
[1] = {default = mw.title.getCurrentTitle().nsText == 'Template' and 'īnspīrāre' or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename},
classical = {type = "boolean", default = true},
cl = {type = "boolean", alias_of = "classical", default = true},
ecclesiastical = {type = "boolean", default = true},
eccl = {type = "boolean", alias_of = "ecclesiastical", default = true},
vul = {type = "boolean", default = false},
ann = {},
accent = {list = true},
indent = {}
}
local parent_args = frame:getParent().args
local function unrecognized_boolean(val)
return val and val ~= "" and val ~= "1" and val ~= "0" and val ~= "yes" and val ~= "no" and
val ~= "true" and val ~= "false" and val ~= "y" and val ~= "n" and val ~= "on" and
val ~= "+" and val ~= "-"
end
-- temporary tracking for strange boolean values
for _, arg in ipairs {"classical", "cl", "ecclesiastical", "eccl", "vul"} do
if unrecognized_boolean(parent_args[arg]) then
track("unrecognized-boolean")
track("unrecognized-boolean/" .. arg)
end
end
local args = require("Module:parameters").process(parent_args, params)
local text = args[1]
local categories = {}
local accent = args.accent
local indent = (args.indent or "*") .. " "
local out = ''
if args.indent then
out = indent
end
if args.classical then
out = out .. make_row(export.phoneticize(text, false, false), #accent > 0 and accent or {'Classical'})
elseif not args.vul then
table.insert(categories, lang:getCanonicalName() .. ' terms with Ecclesiastical IPA pronunciation only')
end
local anntext = (
args.ann == "1" and "'''" .. rsub(text, "[.'_]", "") .. "''': " or
args.ann and "'''" .. args.ann .. "''': " or
"")
out = anntext .. out
if args.ecclesiastical then
if args.classical or args.vul then
out = out .. '\n' .. indent .. anntext
end
out = out .. make_row(
export.phoneticize(text, true, false),
#accent > 0 and accent or {'Ecclesiastical'}
)
end
return out .. require("Module:utilities").format_categories(categories)
end
function export.show(text, phonetic, eccl, vul)
if type(text) == "table" then -- assume a frame
eccl = text.args["eccl"]
vul = text.args["vul"]
text = text.args[1] or mw.loadData("Module:headword/data").pagename
end
if vul then
phonetic = true
end
return export.convert_words(text, phonetic, eccl, vul)
end
function export.allophone(word, eccl, vul)
return export.show(word, true, eccl, vul)
end
return export