ge-

අමතර අවධානයට: Appendix:Variations of "ge"

පුරාතන ඉංග්‍රීසි

වෙනත් ආකාර

• i- — Late West Saxon
• gæ- — Anglian
• gi- — Northumbrian
• ie- — Kentish

නිරුක්තිය

නිරුක්ති ශාඛා

ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය *ḱe-?

ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය *ḱóm

ප්‍රොටෝ-ජර්මානු *ga-

ප්‍රොටෝ-බටහිර ජර්මානු *ga-

පුරාතන ඉංග්‍රීසි ge-

Inherited from ප්‍රොටෝ-බටහිර ජර්මානු *ga-, from ප්‍රොටෝ-ජර්මානු *ga-, from ප්‍රොටෝ-ඉන්දු-යුරෝපීය *ḱóm. Cognate with ලතින් cum (“with”).

උච්චාරණය

• සැකිල්ල:ang-IPA

උපසර්ගය

1. used as an intensifier for verbs, indicating completeness or perfection
2. forms nouns or adjectives of association or similarity; co-
3. forms nouns and verbs with the sense of "result" or "process"
4. forms past participles or participle adjectives from verbs

භාවිත සටහන්

• This prefix was always unstressed, in both nouns and verbs.
• Although on paper this prefix has specific meanings, in practice it was used very inconsistently. On occasion, it may be fully optional and make no meaningful difference, and within that category, sometimes both the prefixed and unprefixed forms are common, and sometimes only one is common. Other times, two verbs have very distinct meanings with the only distinguisher being the prefix. Additionally, its precise definitions are rarely, but not never, clearly reflected in the definition. For example, and this list is far from exhaustive:
  • The verbs cweþan and ġecweþan feature no meaningful difference, and both forms are common.
  • The verbs cnawan and ġecnawan are the same in meaning between the prefixed and unprefixed forms, but in practice, the unprefixed form is almost non-existent in the extant corpus. Similarly, seon and ġeseon feature no meaningful differences, but seon is almost completely unattested in the prose corpus (though it is noticeably more common in poetry).
  • The verbs hieran and ġehieran differ only in the prefix, and while both can technically have the same meanings, in practice, hieran is mostly used to mean to obey, and ġehieran is mostly used to mean to hear.
  • The verbs stincan and ġestincan differ significantly in meaning, with the former meaning to give off an odour (often a bad one, like the modern descendant stink), and the latter meaning to sense things using one's sense of smell, reflecting the third definition.
  • The noun ġeþeode invariably always has the prefix, with an unprefixed form unattested. Notice also that every use of the prefix thus far does not clearly reflect any of the above four definitions. Likewise, ġedwimor is almost invariably attested with the prefix, with the unprefixed form occurring exactly once with the same meaning.
  • Some adjectives like ġecealf and ġeean, which mean "pregnant with a calf" and "pregnant with a lamb" respectively, reflect the second definition. The second definition can also be seen in the plurals of broþor and sweostor — ġebroþor and ġesweostor (and various alternate forms), respectively — though usage of the prefix is not consistent across dialects or eras.
  • The prefix was almost always found on past participles in prose, but in poetry it was occasionally left off, mainly for metrical reasons. Verbs with any prefix other than ġe- will not take the prefix in the past participle.

ව්‍යුත්පන්න යෙදුම්

පුරාතන ඉංග්‍රීසි යෙදුම්, ge- උපසර්ග සහිත ප්‍රවර්ගය සොයාගත නොහැකි විය

Descendants

• මධ්‍යකාලීන ඉංග්‍රීසි: ȝe-, i-, y-
  • ඉංග්‍රීසි: a-, y-, i- (obsolete)

Old Saxon

උපසර්ගය

ge-

1. gi- යන යෙදුමෙහි වෙනත් ආකාරයකි.