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වික්ෂනරි:Proto-Sino-Tibetan බස පිළිබඳ තොරතුරු

Wiktionary වෙතින්
(වික්ෂනරි:About Proto-Sino-Tibetan වෙතින් යළි-යොමු කරන ලදි)
මෙම පිටුව ඉංග්‍රීසි ව්‍යාපෘතියෙන් මෙහි ගෙනවිත් ඇත. අන්තර්ගතය අපගේ ව්‍යාපෘතිය සමඟ 100% නොගැලපෙනමුත් අපගේ අවශ්‍යතාවයන් වලට අනුකූලව ගොඩනගා ගැනීම සඳහා මූලික පියවර ලෙස භාවිතා කළ හැකිය.

Proto-Sino-Tibetan (PST) is the reconstructed form for the Sino-Tibetan languages, the second largest established language family in the world by the number of speakers. Chinese, Tibetan and Burmese are three of the earliest documented among all the descendants and arguably the three most important branches of this family. The reconstruction of Proto-Sino-Tibetan and its descendant proto-languages (Proto-Tibeto-Burman (PTB), Old Chinese (OC), etc.) is an area of active research. Major references include Benedict (1972), Coblin (1986), and Matisoff (2003).

Wiktionary follows chiefly the reconstructions in the Sino-Tibetan Etymological Dictionary and Thesaurus (STEDT) database, a project headed by Prof. James Matisoff, which in turn draws a large proportion of its content from Matisoff (2003). Minor conversions exist between the forms in STEDT and those in Wiktionary, the most important being IPA-notating all proto-forms in Wiktionary (e.g. STEDT 'y' = Wiktionary 'j'). In the absence of a hitherto-proposed reasonable PST reconstruction for an etymon, the "Proto-Tibeto-Burman" (PTB) forms in STEDT are temporarily taken as equivalent to the PST forms, as the Old Chinese form is often considered when postulating the PTB forms, for example PTB *d-kʷəj-n.

Words

[සංස්කරණය]

See Category:Proto-Sino-Tibetan roots.

Phylogeny

[සංස්කරණය]
  • Old Chinese
    • Middle Chinese
      • Modern Mandarin
        • Beijing
      • Jin
      • Wu
        • Shanghai
      • Xiang
      • Gan
      • Hakka
      • Cantonese
        • Guangzhou
    • Min
      • Amoy
  • Kamarupan
    • North Assam
      • Tani
      • Deng
    • Kuki-Chin
      • Peripheral Chin
        • Northern Chin
        • Southern Plains Chin
      • Central Chin
      • Maraic
      • "Old Kuki"
    • "Naga"
      • Northern Naga
      • Central Naga (Ao Group)
      • Angami-Pochuri Group
      • Zeme Group
      • Tangkhulic
    • Meithei
    • Mikir
    • Mru
    • Bodo-Garo = Barish
    • Chairel
  • Himalayish
    • Tibeto-Kanauri
      • Western Himalayish
      • Bodic
        • Tibetan
          • Written Tibetan
      • Lepcha
      • Tamangic
      • Dhimal
    • Newar
    • Mahakiranti
      • Kham-Magar-Chepang-Sunwar
      • Kiranti
        • Eastern Kiranti = Rai
        • Western Kiranti
  • Tangut-Qiang
    • Tangut
    • Qiangic
    • rGyalrongic
  • Jingpho-Nung-Asakian
    • Jingpho
    • Nungic
    • Asakian
  • Tujia
  • Lolo-Burmese-Naxi
    • Lolo-Burmese
      • Burmish
        • Written Burmese
      • Loloish
        • Northern Loloish
        • Central Loloish
        • Southern Loloish
    • Naxi
  • Karenic
  • Bai

Other resources

[සංස්කරණය]

Two reconstructions of Old Chinese should be listed: Baxter-Sagart (2014) (abbrev. B-S) and Zhengzhang (2003) (abbrev. ZS), when these exist.

Reconstruction by Baxter-Sagart (2014)

[සංස්කරණය]

Base consonants

LabialAlveolarPalatalVelarUvularLaryngeal
plainphary.plainphary.plainplainplain labial.phary.phary. labial.plainplain labial.phary.phary. labial.plainphary.phary. labial.
StopVoiceless unaspirated ppˤttˤkkʷkˤkʷˤqqʷqˤqʷˤʔʔˤ(*)ʔʷˤ
Voiceless aspirated pʰpʰˤtʰtʰˤkʰkʷʰkʰˤkʷʰˤqʰqʷʰqʰˤqʷʰˤ
Voiced bbˤddˤggʷgˤgʷˤɢɢʷɢˤɢʷˤ
AffricateVoiceless unaspirated t͡st͡sˤ
Voiceless aspirated t͡sʰt͡sʰˤ
Voiced d͡zd͡zˤ
FricativeVoiceless ssˤ
NasalVoiceless m̥m̥ˤn̥n̥ˤŋ̊ŋ̊ʷŋ̊ˤŋ̊ʷˤ
Voiced mmˤnnˤŋŋʷŋˤŋʷˤ
ApproximantVoiceless l̥l̥ˤ
Voiced llˤjw
TrillVoiceless r̥r̥ˤ
Voiced rrˤ

Vowels

frontcentralback
close iəu
open eao

Reconstruction by Zhengzhang (2003)

[සංස්කරණය]
unvoiced unaspirated plosiveunvoiced aspirated plosivevoiced plosivenasalunvoiced aspirated nasalliquidunvoied aspirated liquid
velar kkʰgŋŋ̊ʰ
uvular q, ʔqʰ, hɢ, ɦ
bilabial ppʰbmm̥ʰ
alveolar ttʰdnn̥ʰll̥ʰ
uvular ssʰ, t͡sʰz, d͡zrr̥ʰ
fricativeglottalnasalrhoticplosive
s-ʔ-, h-, ɦ-m-, n-, ŋ-r-p-, k-, t-
non-liquidliquidplosivised liquid
j, wr, lr'-, l'
frontcentralback
close iɯu
open eao
  • -m, -n, -ŋ, -l/-i, -w, -ø
  • -b, -d, -g, -wɢ/-ug, -q/-ʔ, -s/-h

Written Tibetan

[සංස්කරණය]

Allowed initials in Written Tibetan and their pronunciations in Modern Lhasa dialect:

Base＼Prefix(es)Øb-d-g-m-'-s-l-r-bs-bl-br-
k-
/k/		 (k-)
/k/		bk-
/k/		dk-
/k/		sk-
/k/		lk-
/k/		rk-
/k/		bsk-
/k/		brk-
/k/
(kw-)
(ky-)
/c/		bky-
/c/		dky-
/c/		sky-
/c/		rky-
/c/		bsky-
/c/		brky-
/c/
(kr-)
/ʈʂ/		bkr-
/ʈʂ/		dkr-
/ʈʂ/		skr-
/ʈʂ/		bskr-
/ʈʂ/
kl-
/l/		bkl-
/l/
kh-
/kʰ/		 kh-
/kʰ/		mkh-
/kʰ/		'kh-
/kʰ/
khw-
/kʰ/
khy-
/cʰ/		mkhy-
/cʰ/		'khy-
/cʰ/
khr-
/ʈʂʰ/		mkhr-
/ʈʂʰ/		'khr-
/ʈʂʰ/
g-
/ɡ/		 g-
/kʰː/		bg-
/kː/		dg-
/kː/		mg-
/ŋk/		'g-
/ŋk/		sg-
/kː/		lg-
/kː/		rg-
/kː/		bsg-
/kː/		brg-
/kː/
gw-
gy-
/cʰː/		bgy-
/cː/		dgy-
/cː/		mgy-
/ɲc/		'gy-
/ɲc/		sgy-
/cː/		lgy-rgy-
/cː/		bsgy-
/cː/		brgy-
/cː/
gr-
/ʈʂʰː/		bgr-
/ʈʂː/		dgr-
/ʈʂː/		mgr-
/ɳʈʂ/		'gr-
/ɳʈʂ/		sgr-
/ʈʂː/		lgr-bsgr-
/ʈʂː/
grw-
/ʈʂʰː/
gl-
/l/
ng-
/ŋ/		 ng-
/ŋ/		dng-
/ŋ/		mng-
/ŋ/		sng-
/ŋ/		lng-
/ŋ/		rng-
/ŋ/		bsng-
/ŋ/		brng-
/ŋ/
c-
/t͡ɕ/		 (c-)
/t͡ɕ/		bc-
/t͡ɕ/		gc-
/t͡ɕ/		lc-
/t͡ɕ/
ch-
/t͡ɕʰ/		 ch-
/t͡ɕʰ/		mch-
/t͡ɕʰ/		'ch-
/t͡ɕʰ/
j-
/d͡ʑ/		 j-
/t͡ɕʰː/		mj-
/ɲt͡ɕ/		'j-
/ɲt͡ɕ/		lj-
/ɲt͡ɕ/		rj-
/t͡ɕː/		brj-
/ɲt͡ɕ/
ny-
/ɲ/		 ny-
/ɲ/		gny-
/ɲ/		mny-
/ɲ/		sny-
/ɲ/		rny-
/ɲ/		bsny-
/ɲ/		brny-
/ɲ/
nyw-
/ɲ/
t-
/t/		 (t-)
/t/		bt-
/t/		gt-
/t/		st-
/t/		lt-
/t/		rt-
/t/		bst-
/t/		blt-
/t/		brt-
/t/
tr-
/ʈʂ/
th-
/tʰ/		 th-
/tʰ/		mth-
/tʰ/		'th-
/tʰ/
d-
/d/		 d-
/tʰː/		bd-
/tː/		gd-
/tː/		md-
/nt/		'd-
/nt/		sd-
/tː/		ld-
/nt/		rd-
/tː/		bsd-
/tː/		bld-
/tː/		brd-
/tː/
dw-
/tː/
dr-
/ʈʂː/		'dr-
/ɳʈʂ/
n-
/n/		 n-
/n/		gn-
/n/		mn-
/n/		sn-
/n/		rn-
/n/		bsn-
/n/		brn-
/n/
(nr-)snr-
p-
/p/		 (p-)
/p/		dp-
/p/		sp-
/p/		lp-
/p/
py-dpy-
/t͡ɕ/		spy-
/t͡ɕ/
(pr-)
/ʈʂ/		dpr-
/ʈʂ/		spr-
/ʈʂ/
ph-
/pʰ/		 ph-
/pʰ/		'ph-
/pʰ/
phy-
/t͡ɕʰ/		'phy-
/t͡ɕʰ/
phyw-
/t͡ɕʰ/
phr-
/ʈʂʰ/		'phr-
/ʈʂʰ/
b-
/b/		 b-
/pʰː/		db-
/ˀw/		'b-
/mp/		sb-
/pː/		lb-
/mp/		rb-
/pː/
by-
/t͡ɕʰː/		dby-
/j/		'by-
/ɲt͡ɕ/		sby-
/t͡ɕː/
br-
/ʈʂː/		dbr-
/r/		'br-
/ɳʈʂ/		sbr-
/(p)ʈʂː/
bl-
/l/
m-
/m/		 m-
/m/		dm-
/m/		sm-
/m/		rm-
/m/
(mr-)smr-
/m/
my-
/ɲ/		dmy-
/ɲ/		smy-
/ɲ/		rmy-
/ɲ/
ts-
/t͡s/		 (ts-)
/t͡s/		bts-
/t͡s/		gts-
/t͡s/		sts-
/t͡s/		rts-
/t͡s/		bsts-
/t͡s/		brts-
/t͡s/
tsw-rtsw-
/t͡s/
tsh-
/t͡sʰ/		 tsh-
/t͡sʰ/		mtsh-
/t͡sʰ/		'tsh-
/t͡sʰ/
tshw-
/t͡sʰ/
dz-
/d͡z/		 (dz-)
/t͡sʰː/		mdz-
/nts/		'dz-
/nts/		rdz-
/t͡sː/		brdz-
/t͡sː/
w-
/w/		 (w-)
/w/
zh-
/ʑ/		 zh-
/ɕː/		bzh-
/ɕː/		gzh-
/ɕː/
zhw-
/ɕː/
z-
/z/		 z-
/sː/		bz-
/sː/		gz-
/sː/
zl-
/nt/		bzl-
/nt/
'-
/ɦ/		 '-
/ˀ/
y-
/j/		 y-
/j/		g.y-
/j/
r-
/r/		 r-
/r/
rw-
/r/
rl-
/l/		brl-
/l/
l-
/l/		 l-
/l/
lw-
/l/
sh-
/ɕ/		 sh-
/ɕ/		bsh-
/ɕ/		gsh-
/ɕ/
shw-
/ɕ/
s-
/s/		 s-
/s/		bs-
/s/		gs-
/s/
sr-
/s/		bsr-
/(ʈʂ)s/
sl-
/l/		bsl-
/l/
h-
/h/		 h-
/h/		lh-
/ɬ/
hw-
/h/
hr-
/ʂ/

Written Burmese

[සංස්කරණය]

See Wiktionary:Burmese transliteration.

Participants

[සංස්කරණය]

See also

[සංස්කරණය]
"https://si.wiktionary.org/w/index.php?title=වික්ෂනරි:Proto-Sino-Tibetan_බස_පිළිබඳ_තොරතුරු&oldid=211306" වෙතින් සම්ප්‍රවේශනය කෙරිණි